Notes & Sources

1. 7 Questions for George of Arabia

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2. Ken Guggenheim, "Advocates for 9/11 commission blame White House after deal collapses," The Associated Press, October 11, 2001.

3. Joe Conason, "Can Bush Handle Panel's Questions?" The New York Observer, April 7, 2003.

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4. Michael Elliot, et al., "They had a plan: Could 9/11 have been prevented?" Time magazine, August 12, 2002.

Page 4.

5. Jane Mayer, "The House of bin Laden: A family's, and a nation's, divided loyalties," The New Yorker, November 12, 2001.

6. Patrick E. Tyler, "Fearing harm, bin Laden kin fled from US," The New York Times, September 30, 2001.

Page 5.

7. In 1975, George received a master of business administration degree from Harvard Business School, according to his White House biography.

Page 6.

8. Mike Allen, "For Bush, a slippery situation," The Washington Post, June 23, 2000.

9. Thomas Petzinger Jr., et al., "Family Ties: How oil firm linked to a son of Bush won Bahrain Drilling Pact-Harken Energy had a web of Mideast connections; in the background: BCCI-entrée at the White House," The Wall Street Journal, December 6, 1991.

10. Walter V. Robinson, "Military Record: Questions Remain on Bush's Service as Guard Pilot," The Boston Globe, October 31, 2000; Ellen Gamerman, "Bush's past catching up on road to White House," The Baltimore Sun, November 4, 2000.

11. Jonathan Beaty, "A Mysterious Mover of Money and Planes," Time magazine, October 28, 1991.

Page 7.

12. Jerry Urban, "Feds investigate entrepreneur allegedly tied to Saudis,"Houston Chronicle, June 4, 1992; Mike Ward, "Bin Laden relatives have ties to Texas," Austin American-Statesman, November 9, 2001.

13. Mike Ward, "Bin Laden relatives have ties to Texas," Austin American-Statesman, November 9, 2001; Suzanne Hoholik & Travis E. Poling, "Bin Laden brother ran business, was well-liked in Central Texas," San Antonio Express-News, August 22, 1998.

14. Susan Sevareid, "Attacks hurt bin Laden conglomerate," The Associated Press, October 7, 2001; Richard Beeston, "Outcast who brought shame on family," The London Times, September 15, 2001.

15. Jane Mayer, "The House of bin Laden: A family's, and a nation's, divided loyalties," The New Yorker, November 12, 2001; Michael Moss, et al., "Bin Laden family, with deep western ties, strives to re-establish a name," The New York Times, October 28, 2001.

Page 8.

16. "The bin Laden business empire," St. Petersburg Times, September 23, 2001; Anne E. Kornblut & Aaron Zitner, "Terror figure's family has benign ties in US," The Boston Globe, August 26, 1998; Marcella Bombardieri, "In Cambridge, a bin Laden breaks family silence," The Boston Globe, October 7, 2001.

17. Michael Dobbs & John Ward Anderson, "A Fugitive's Splintered Family Tree," The Washington Post, September 30, 2001.

18. Mitch Frank, "A Wealthy Clan and Its Renegade," Time magazine, October 8, 2001; "18 die in holiday weekend plane crashes," United Press International, May 31, 1988.

19. Kurt Eichenwald, "Bin Laden Family Liquidates Holdings with Carlyle Group," The New York Times, October 26, 2001 (aslo here.

20. Joe Conason, "Notes on a native son," Harper's Magazine, February 1, 2000.

21. Kurt Eichenwald, "Bin Laden Family Liquidates Holdings with Carlyle Group," The New York Times, October 26, 2001.

Page 9.

22. www.carlylegroup.com.

23. Middle East Policy Council's board of directors.

24. Al Jazeera; Washington Foreign Press Center Briefing with Richard Boucher, Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs, February 28, 2001; "Bin Laden full of praise for attack on USS Cole at son's wedding," Agence France Presse, March 1, 2001.

Page 10.

25. Borzou Daraghi, "Financing Terror," Money, November 2001.

26. Jane Mayer, "The House of bin Laden," The New Yorker, November 12, 2001.

27. Daniel Golden, et al., "Bin Laden family is tied to US group," The Wall Street Journal, September 27, 2001; Michael Dobbs & John Ward Anderson, "A Fugitive's Splintered Family Tree," The Washington Post, September 30, 2001; Kurt Eichenwald, "Bin Laden family liquidates holdings with Carlyle Group," The New York Times, October 26, 2001.

28. Dan Briody, The Iron Triangle: Inside the Secret World of The Carlyle Group; Greg Schneider, "Connections and then some," The Washington Post, March 16, 2003.

Page 11.

29. Elsa Walsh, "The Prince: How the Saudi Ambassador became Washington's indispensable operator," The New Yorker, March 24, 2003.

Page 12.

30. Robert Baer, Sleeping with the Devil, Crown, 2003.

31. James Rupert, "US-Saudi relations were built on oil, security-and secrecy," The Washington Post, August 9, 1990.

32. Robert G. Kaiser & David Ottaway, "Oil for security fueled close ties," The Washington Post, February 11, 2002.

33. Elsa Walsh, "The Prince: How the Saudi Ambassador became Washington's indispensable operator," The New Yorker, March 24, 2003.

34. Robert Baer, Sleeping with the Devil, Crown, 2003.

Page 13.

35. Tim Shorrock, "Crony capitalism goes global," The Nation, April 1, 2002; Warren Richey, "New snags in US-Saudi ties play to bin Laden," Christian Science Monitor, October 29, 2001.

36. Oliver Burkeman, "The winners: The Ex-President's Club," The Guardian, October 31, 2001; Leslie Wayne, "Elder Bush in big GOP cast toiling for top equity firm," The New York Times, March 5, 2001.

37. Robert Kaiser, "Enormous wealth spilled into American coffers," The Washington Post, February 11, 2002.

38. David Sharp, "Former President pulls off secret birthday bash," The Associated Press, June 11, 2000.

39. Elsa Walsh, "The Prince: How the Saudi Ambassador became Washington's indispensable operator," The New Yorker, March 24, 2003; Michael Isikoff and Mark Hosenball, "A legal counterattack," Newsweek, April 16, 2003.

40. Robert Baer, Sleeping with the Devil, Crown, 2003.

Page 14.

41. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, "Table 4.10:United States-Oil Imports, 1991Ð2002 (Million Barrels per Day)."

42. Amnesty International Report 2003, "Saudi Arabia."

43. "Saudi beheaded for shooting compatriot to death," The Associated Press, November 13, 2001; Robert Baer, Sleeping with the Devil, Crown, 2003.

Page 15.

44. Elisabeth Bumiller, "Saudi tells Bush US must temper backing of Israel," The New York Times, April 26, 2002.

45. Kathy Gannon, "Bin Laden reportedly ailing," The Associated Press, March 25, 2000.

46. Hardball with Chris Matthews, MSNBC, November 19, 2001, interview with Michael Griffin, author Reaping the Whirlwind: The Taliban Movement in Afghanistan (Pluto, May 2001).

Page 18.

47. Robert Baer, "The fall of the House of Saud," The Atlantic Monthly, May 2003. (Also, Mr. Baer's book, Sleeping with the Devil.)

48. Ahmed Rashid, "The Taliban: Exporting Extremism," Foreign Affairs, November 1999.

Page 19.

49. Susan Schmidt & Bill Miller, "Homeland Security Department to oversee visa program," The Washington Post, August 6, 2002.

Page 20.

50. Jane Mayer, "The House of bin Laden," The New Yorker, November 12, 2001; Patrick E. Tyler, "Fearing harm, bin Laden kin fled from US," The New York Times, September 30, 2001; Kevin Cullen, "Bin Laden kin flown back to Saudi Arabia," The Boston Globe, September 20, 2001; Katty Kay, "How FBI helped bin Laden family flee US," The London Times, October 1, 2001.

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51. Kathy Steele, "Phantom flight from Florida," The Tampa Tribune, October 5, 2001.

Page 22.

52. Fox Butterfield, "Justice Dept. bars use of gun checks in terror inquiry," The New York Times, December 6, 2001.

53. Ibid.

Page 23.

54. Cheryl W. Thompson, "Senators challenge Ashcroft on Gun Issue," The Washington Post, July 27, 2001.

Page 26.

55. Fox Butterfield, "Justice Dept. bars use of gun checks in terror inquiry," The New York Times, December 6, 2001; Neil A. Lewis, "Ashcroft defends antiterror plan; says criticism may aid US foes," The New York Times, December 7, 2001; Peter Slevin, "Ashcroft blocks FBI access to gun records," The Washington Post, December 7, 2001; Violence Policy Center (www.vpc.org), "Firearms training for Jihad in America"; Fox Butterfield, "Ashcroft's words clash with staff on checks," The New York Times, July 24, 2002.

Page 27.

56. "Taleban to Texas for pipeline talks," BBC World Service, December 3, 1997.

57. Caroline Lees, "Oil barons court Taliban in Texas," The Telegraph (Online), December 14, 1997.

Page 28.

58. Caroline Lees, "Oil barons court Taliban in Texas," The Telegraph, December 14, 1997; Barbara Crossette, "US, Iran relations show signs of thaw," The New York Times, December 15, 1997; "Taleban in Texas for talks on gas pipeline," BBC News, December 4, 1997; Kenneth Freed & Jena Janovy, "UNO partner pulls out of Afghanistan project," Omaha World Herald, June 6, 1998.

59. Ed Vulliamy, "US women fight Taliban oil deal," The Guardian, January 12, 1998; Dan Morgan, et al., "Women's fury toward Taliban stalls pipeline," The Washington Post, January 11, 1998.

60. "Trans-Caspian gas line receives go-ahead," Europe Energy, February 26, 1999.

61. Justin Weir, "Natural resources," Institutional Investor International, April 1997; Gerald Karey, "Unocal's Uzbekistan deal adds to Central Asia plan," Platt's Oilgram News, November 5, 1996.

Page 29.

62. Letter from Kenneth L. Lay to Governor George W. Bush, April 3, 1997.

63. David B. Ottaway & Dan Morgan, "In drawing a route, bad blood flows," The Washington Post, October 5, 1998; Daniel Southerland, "Haig involved in plans to build gas pipeline across Iran," Houston Chronicle, January 22, 1995.

64. Jeremy Kahn, "Will Halliburton clean up?" Fortune, April 14, 2003; Peter Waldman, "A pipeline project in Myanmar puts Cheney in Spotlight," The Wall Street Journal, October 27, 2000; Colum Lynch, "Firm's Iraq deals greater than Cheney has said," The Washington Post, June 23, 2001.

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65. Tyler Marshall, "High stakes in the Caspian," Los Angeles Times, February 23, 1998; Richard B. Cheney, "Defending liberty in a global economy," speech delivered to the Collateral Damage Conference at the Cato Institute, June 23, 1998.

66. Peter Gorrie, "US underestimated bin Laden at first," Toronto Star, September 22, 2001.

67. Ahmed Rashid, Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil, and Fundamentalism in Central Asia, March 2001.

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68. Jack Meyers, et al., "Saudi clans working with US oil firms may be tied to bin Laden," Boston Herald, December 10, 2001.

69. Robert Fisk, "Saudi calls for jihad against US Ôcrusader,'" The Independent, September 2, 1996; Tim McGirk, et al., "The Taliban allow a top Ôsponsor' of terrorism to stay in Afghanistan," Time magazine, December 16, 1996.

70. Claudia Kolker, "The Fall of Enron: Dead Enron power plant affecting environment, economy, and livelihoods in India," Houston Chronicle, August 4, 2002.

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71. "Turkmen-Pakistani export gas pipeline marks progress," Oil & Gas Journal, November 3, 1997; "Gulf gas rides to the rescue," Middle East Economic Digest, January 16, 1998.

72. Unocal press release, "Unocal, Delta sign MOU with Gazprom and Turkmenrusgaz for natural gas pipeline project," August 13, 1996.

73. James Astill, "Strike one: In 1998, America destroyed Osama bin Laden's Ôchemical weapons' factory in Sudan. It turned out that the factory made medicine," The Guardian, October 2, 2001.

74. "Unocal Statement: Suspension of activities related to proposed natural gas pipeline across Afghanistan," press release, August 21, 1998; "Unocal Statement on withdrawal from the proposed Central Asia Gas (CentGas) pipeline project," press release, December 10, 1998.

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75. Alison Mitchell, "Bush is reported set to name Cheney as partner on ticket," The New York Times, July 25, 2000.

76. Zahid Hussain, "Taleban offers US deal to deport bin Laden," London Times, February 5, 2001; Joseph Kahn & David E. Sanger, "President offers plan to promote oil exploration," The New York Times, January 30, 2001; Eric Schmitt, "Cheney assembles formidable team," The New York Times, February 3, 2001.

77. Joe Stephens & David B. Ottaway, "Afghan roots keep adviser firmly in the inner circle," The Washington Post, November 23, 2001.

78. Christopher Ogden, "Good News/Bad News in the Great Game," Time magazine, October 14, 1996.

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79. Preston Mendenhall, "Afghanistan's cash crop wilts," MSNBC.com, May 23, 2001; Robin Wright, "U.S. pledges $43 million to ease Afghanistan famine," Los Angeles Times, May 18, 2001.

80. Molly Moore, "Iran fighting a losing drug war; armed villagers struggle to seal Afghanistan border," The Washington Post, July 18, 2001; Jerry Seper, "Cash flow for Taliban eyed as reason for opium surge," The Washington Times, October 3, 2001; "What is the role of drugs/heroin in Afghanistan conflict," Foreign Policy In Focus, December 5, 2001.

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82. Ilene R. Prusher, et al., "Afghan power brokers," The Christian Science Monitor, June 10, 2002.

83. Balia Bukharbayeva, "$5 billion gas pipeline planned in Afghanistan," The Associated Press, December 28, 2002.

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84. Tom Bayles, "The day before everything changed, President Bush touched locals' lives," Sarasota Herald-Tribune, September 10, 2002.

85. "Transcript American Airlines Flight 11," The New York Times, October 16, 2001; Dan Balz & Bob Woodward, "America's chaotic road to war," The Washington Post, January 27, 2002; Alan Levin, et al., "Part I: Terror attacks brought drastic decision: clear the skies," USA Today, August 12, 2002.

86. "President meets with displaced workers in town hall meeting," Official White House transcript, December 4, 2001.

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87. "President holds town hall forum on economy in California," Official White House transcript, January 5, 2002. Here, Bush stated, "first of all, when we walked into the classroom, I had seen this plane fly into the first building. There was a TV set on. And you know, I thought it was pilot error and I was amazed that anybody could make such a terrible mistake. And something was wrong with the plane, orÑanyway, I'm sitting there. . ."

88. Stephanie Schorow, "What did Bush see and when did he see it?" Boston Herald, October 22, 2002.

89. William Langley, "Revealed: What really went on during Bush's Ômissing hours,'" London Telegraph, December 16, 2001.

90. "September 11, 2001: Basic Facts," United States State Department, August 15, 2002.

91. David E. Sanger & Don Van Natta, Jr., "In four days, a national crisis changes Bush's Presidency," The New York Times, September 16, 2001.

92. Ibid.

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93. Bob Woodward and Dan Eggen, "Aug. memo focused on attacks in US," The Washington Post, May 18, 2002.

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94. "Timeline in terrorist attacks on Sept. 11, 2001," The Washington Post, September 12, 2001.

95. Ibid.

96. Ibid.

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97. Elsa Walsh, "The Prince: How the Saudi Ambassador became Washington's indispensable operator," The New Yorker, March 24, 2003.